Inclusivity and Civic Engagement in Smart Cities
Emphasize inclusivity and citizen participation.
Learning Objectives
- Learn how Smart Cities 3.0 emphasize inclusivity and citizen participation.
- Explore ways technology can make cities accessible to everyone.
5 min read
Course Overview
2. Citizen-driven innovations: Co-creating innovative services with the community
3. Social inclusion and equity in smart city planning
4. Technology for the differently-abled: Accessible urban design
5. Participatory governance: Citizens’ involvement in city decisions through platforms like crowdsourcing, voting apps, and open data
6. Activity: the smart city challenge -- A role-playing simulation
7. Quizes
8. Links to external additional resources
INCLUSIVITY AND CIVIC ENGAGEMENT IN SMART CITIES
INTRODUCTION: THE IMPORTANCE OF INCLUSIVITY AND CIVIC ENGAGEMENT FOR SMART CITIES
Inclusivity and civic engagement are key aspects in Smart Cities 3.0. Co-creation and co-participation are the basis of the structure of a functioning Smart City.
Indeed, a smart city consists of not only technologies but also people. Ensuring the participation of citizens must be a priority in a successful smart city: if its aim is to reach a more sustainable, liveable and efficient urban setting, technologies alone can not definitely be enough. Cities are meant for people, and technologies should be co-created and used to support human goals.
It is possible to have an idea of the importance of this topic while reading the OECD (Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development) Principles of Urban Policy. Indeed, 8 out of 11 guidelines are related to “Adopting a coherent, integrated and effective strategy to build smart, sustainable and inclusive cities” and “Engaging stakeholders in a co-designed, co-implemented, and co-monitored urban policy”. To go more in depth, Principle 9 foresees to “Promote stakeholder engagement in the design and implementation of urban policy, by involving all segments of society, notably the most vulnerable residents and users […]”.
Top down or bottom up approach: two different approaches to citizens engagement.
Participation can be top-down or bottom-up. When the approach is top-down, institutions promote participation for citizens, ensuring a high degree of coordination. On the other hand, a bottom-up approach consists of citizens self-organizing and then interacting with institutions, allowing people to participate directly in the Smart City activities.
The “Manifesto on Citizen Engagement and Inclusive Smart Cities” is an EU document stating the essential elements for a successful smart city: to start from people by focusing on citizens’ needs, embracing citizen-centric design and the search for an integral quality of life. This is also aligned with the Sustainable Development Goals, fostering cities that are not just technologically advanced but inclusive, sustainable, and resilient.
To sum up, smartness and inclusivity can be defined as a people-centered, collaboration-driven, and community-led approach to urban development and transformation.
CITIZEN-DRIVEN INNOVATIONS: CO-CREATING INNOVATIVE SERVICES WITH THE COMMUNITY
Citizens engagement and participation is necessary for developing effective governance strategies, community collaboration and ensuring that technology is used for the needs of the population. Without input and engagement from locals, even the best models and algorithms are useless in the process of planning and organizing a smart city.
Co-creation with citizens as a driver of innovation.
Engagement in smart cities can unlock significant potential, not only for addressing specific problems but also for proactively co-designing innovative services that enhance communities. A people-centered approach means creating not only cities for people but also with people.
The UN-Habitat’s People-Centered Smart Cities flagship programme aims to empower local governments to take a multi-stakeholder approach to the citizens’ engagement. This approach has five key dimension:
- Community: empowering people;
- Digital Equity: ensuring access to technology for all;
- Infrastructure: responsibly managing data and digital infrastructure;
- Cybersecurity: protecting data, systems, infrastructure and privacy;
- Capacity: building multi-stakeholder capacity.
In this context, citizens have four roles in co-creation and problem solving. They can be:
- Explorer: they can identify, discover and define emerging and existing problems.
- Ideators: they can create novel solutions to well-defined problems.
- Designers: they can design and develop implementable solutions to problems.
- Diffusers: they can directly support the adoption and diffusion of public service innovations and solutions among the population.
Two elements underlying co-creation are:
- The Innovation Ecosystem: it is an organizing structure of an ensemble of actors where they can come together with a shared worldview and co-create services;
- The Innovation Platform: it is a venue (physical or virtual) for innovation and problem-solving. It helps to partition the problem-solving process and to provide a structure for knowledge exchange.
Some examples of citizens involvement methods are:
- Hackaton: event of various duration in which numerous professional figures (called hackers), with different skills cooperate in order to create a collaborative IT project with job, educational and social purposes. The term combines “Hack” – a solution achieved through intense innovation and “Marathon” – an event of defined length and concentrated effort.
- Participatory Budgeting: democratic process in which community members decide how to spend part of a public budget. It gives people real power over real money.
- Digital Platforms: they can be used for crowdsourcing (large group of participants contributing or producing goods or services—including ideas, votes, micro-tasks, and finances), interactive planning and public consultations.
- Applications: they can gather feedback from users about problems they face with public transportation or ideas for better routes and timetables enable organizations to take actions.
- E-participation: use of digital tools for participatory processes in urban planning, policymaking and decision-making .
- E-petitions: such initiatives allow citizens to request public policy changes, regulatory changes, or the need to address corruption, inefficiency, and other reform issues. Once a petition is submitted by a citizen through a government website, it is active for a period of time and if within that time frame the petition attracts support from a predefined number of peers then the government takes up the issue for further consideration.
- Tactical Urbanism and Pilot Project: low-cost, temporary interventions (such as creating temporary bike lanes or adding seating in public spaces) to test urban improvements. Community feedback helps determine if these solutions are effective before implementing them permanently and citywide.
- Gamification and Interactive Simulations: tools like Minecraft (used in educational contexts) or simulation software like City Engine allow citizens to visualize and experiment with urban solutions interactively. By using points, badges, and rewards citizens can be motivated to participate actively, making urban planning more accessible and engaging.
- Reporting Applications: Apps like FixMyStreet or Comuni-Chiamo allow citizens to report issues (such as potholes or vandalism) that require immediate attention.
- Interactive Kiosks: in some public places, like parks or stations, digital kiosks are installed through which citizens can provide feedback on local projects.
- Permanent Citizens Advisory Committees: the establishment of these committees for planning and organizing the smart cities can be a good strategy for participation and inclusion.
Citizens can with these approaches provide insight for every aspect of the city life, for example when planning ideal routes for ridesharing services, estimating travel time and patching potholes through all the involvement methods above-mentioned.
The role and advantages of edge computing in the co-creation process
To reach these aims, edge computing can be a crucial step towards their realization.
Edge computing is a computing model in which data processing occurs as close as possible to where the data is generated, thus saving time, energy, data traffic and increasing resilience in the event of data connection interruptions. This local model can facilitate data-driven decision making, solve real-world problems by using the data provided in the smart city citizen participation.
Also, privacy and security increase as data is not sent back to the central cloud, but locally processed and managed. This approach should be based on citizens’ trust on local government, and should also increase it.
This decentralized decision-making process, enabled by edge computing, allows cities to be more adaptive and responsive on a local level, based on real-time and location-based interaction with the platform of the smart city, enhancing civic engagement.
A new approach to citizens engagement is needed.
However, if on the one hand some of the contemporary cities try to include citizens with participatory approaches, on the other there is still a strong need to change the paradigms in citizens’ engagement. The needed changes can be summarized as follow:
- From Hierarchical To Collaborative: citizens are not anymore passively informed of existing plans with a top-down mechanism, nor are consumers of government services. The local knowledge is the basis of any planning, prioritization and solution-creation process, and above all historically underprivileged neighborhoods can crowdsource local data about problems and deficiencies, thus participating in the design of the smart city programmes.
- From In-Person Involvement To Digital Inclusion: in-person community meetings are still happening, but they are strongly supported by digital engagement tools, such as web portals and apps. This ensures a more inclusive participation for citizens with mobility impairments and working people. Also, non-English speakers can be included with multilingual assistance, and cutting-edge technologies can be implemented to include marginalized groups.
- Citizen Input Based On Data: through direct data collection and analysis, administration can identify problems in their early stages and find solutions. As an example, when injuries and noise complaints are notified with citizen inputs, the government can soon take action and add traffic-calming features to improve the situation.
SOCIAL INCLUSION AND EQUITY IN SMART CITY PLANNING
For a functioning smart city, social inclusion and equity needs to be taken into account.
Social inclusion means allowing people of every gender, ethnicity, religion, age and socio-economic background the possibility and the actual instrument to take part both into the planning process and the smart city life.
From equality to equity for a real inclusion
The definition of equity is a bit less intuitive: it is the allocation of opportunities, possibilities and instruments to different people in order to reach an equal outcome for everyone. It represents a step further from equality, that is the condition where everyone is given the same opportunities. Equity in the case of smart city participation could mean for example allocating more resources for digital literacy (defined as the ability to locate, understand, use and create information by using information technologies) to more aged groups of citizens, that most
likely are less practical than the young generation in the use of technologies.
Starting from these definitions, it is easy to understand that a lot of smart cities struggle to achieve the aim of inclusive and meaningful whole community engagement.
Different types of social disadvantages among citizens
As an example, technology could act like a barrier for individuals with basic or not ICT skills: marginalized communities often lack time, money, internet connection and technological know-how to share their point of view that can actually make the difference.
Furthermore, culture and language may represent an obstacle for minorities and immigrants, as well as time can be a limiting factor for young people in their working age.
Also, disability can block some people from active participation and poverty is another important hurdle to be addressed.
Finally, women are less likely to possess advanced ICT skills. Therefore, it is necessary to ensure women’s active participation in co-creating solutions to foster inclusivity and equity.
As a result, people who aren’t comfortable with technology run the danger of being left out as cities rely more and more on complicated systems.
The digital divide is the gap between individuals with access to modern information and communication technologies and digital literacy skills and those without. It is driven by gender norms, cultural stereotypes, affordability issues, lack of digital skills among women but also regulations, infrastructure, and trust in digital services, along with gender bias in design and access to services.
For all these reasons, plans for smart cities often lack some viewpoint and projects for who could be more in need of actual change and help.
The benefits of an inclusive citizens engagement approach
However, some people-centered initiatives exist and have been implemented, such as hackathons based on young creativity and participatory budgeting campaigns. Also, to overcome the socioeconomic injustices that impede participation, digital literacy initiatives can be carried out, as well as granting access to place for everyone, capacity building and also communities can self-organize and be proactive.
Smart cities may actually give economic opportunities in marginalized areas as they can provide small business incubators and skill development programmes.
Fully community engagement aims to co-create an environment where everyone will feel valued and safe. Safety, for instance, is deeply gendered, as the design of lighting in the city can play a role in preventing women from gender-based violence.
Also, by gathering information from the most underprivileged groups. new statistics can be provided and better public services can reach the most vulnerable groups. Indeed, when inclusion is well planned, technologies can be used to help underprivileged areas rather than exacerbate existing inequalities.
TECHNOLOGY FOR THE DIFFERENTLY-ABLED: ACCESIBLE URBAN DESIGN
Providing a barrier-free built environment is more and more a topic of discussion and a priority in smart cities planning and development. Technology should consider differently-abled people as the end user of an accessible urban design, and it can actually make the difference, for example by helping people mobilize things on their own and accessing everything possible. This is the reason why technological development should take into account disabilities of every kind when ideating new projects.
The role of assistive technology
The concept of “assistive technology” encompasses any kind of product, design, information, or customized versions of products that enhance the abilities of people with disabilities. It is a range of technologies specifically created for individuals with disabilities and includes products tailored to their unique needs. These technologies primarily assist with navigation and help reduce social insecurities by enabling access to essential resources. When individuals with disabilities can manage tasks independently without external aid, it demonstrates universal inclusivity and supports equal living standards across all aspects of life.
Different assistive technologies for different impairments
There are already several technologies that have been developed to help differently-abled social groups in smart cities. Here follows some examples, divided by physical impairment.
- Visual impairments: some tools helping people suffering from low vision or total blindness are voice control navigation systems, smart voice recognizers that converts text into speech, but also guiding tools like sensors in the walking sticks (that can sense bumps or uneven levels).
- Mobility impairments: adaptive technology can help provide mobility access to various places, with some tools such as navigation control, direction checks, obstacles sensors, gripped breaks, ergonomic design.
- Hearing/Speech impairments: hearing loops can be connected to a variety of audio sources, such as television. However, they can be also connected with public service systems, in order to increase the audibility of the smart city.
- Speech impairments: people who cannot convey information as they wish for various reasons can be helped with assisting tabs, gadgets and 3D way finders when they are going into a smart building. Also, audio coding or touch screens provided with spelling and word prediction softwares are another helpful strategy to improve accuracy.
PARTICIPATORY GOVERNANCE: CITIZENS ' INVOLVEMENT IN CITY DECISIONS THROUGH PLATFORMS LIKE CROWDSOURCING, VOTING APPS AND OPEN DATA
Diverse creative methods have been implemented to involve citizens’ in city decisions. There are several case studies and best practices that can be taken as examples. Some are:
- The Decidim platform in Barcelona (Spain): it is a website where residents can vote on various proposals, such as public housing, mobility and priorities, but also submit suggestions for the government. The outcomes have a real impact on money allocation and policies and it is an example of participatory democracy.
- The Open innovation square in Seoul (South Corea): it is a physical area where the public can meet and work together on possible smart city solutions for regional urban problems. The hub brings together academic institutions, start-ups, governmental agencies and common citizens, that together have already developed some pilot projects.
- The city of things network in Amsterdam (Netherlands): it is a project that uses Internet of Things technology to increase community engagement with urban data to promote sustainability. Using some sensor-equipped public installation (such as Wi-Fi enabled smart benches), everyone can contribute to the crowdsourcing of environmental knowledge like traffic, noise, air quality and energy use.
- The Digital Inclusion Agenda in Great Manchester (UK): the Agenda has the ambition to make the area a 100% digitally enabled city region. Greater Manchester set out to become one of the first city-regions in the world to equip all under-25s, over-75s, and disabled people with the skills (through e.g. digital skills training and resources), connectivity (through e.g. social tariffs for households struggling to afford broadband), and technology (through e.g. device loaning or subsidized device schemes) to get online.
- The Meld’R app in Rotterdam (Netherlands): it is an user-friendly application to report problems in public spaces, with and for the citizens. In developing the app, the city used Design Thinking methods, conducted in-depth interviews and underwent thorough app testing with users. As a result, now 70% of all reports are made through the app. This is an example of improving the services of a city in a user-centric way.
- The Sustainable, Inclusive and Smart City Concept in Sihanoukville (Cambodia): it foresees tackling a wide range of urban challenges, including environmental, economic, and social insecurities. Two initiatives aimed at bridging the digital divide among different social groups are accessible free internet zones in strategic urban and rural areas and permanent programme of computer/technology literacy for citizens through the “Digital City Ambassadors”.
- The project “Basic digital skills for the elegant age” in Ukraine: the Ministry of Digital Transformation of Ukraine and the UNDP have launched this training programme to support Ukraine’s older population.
- The IPE (Institute of Public and Environmental Affairs) open source database of air and water pollution in China: with the help of thousands of volunteers across China, the institute compiled an open-source online database of air and water pollution. The information (e.g., data on minor and major environmental incidents in local factories and public places) were contributed by volunteers and verified by other volunteers or IPE. The database has led to the identification of 97,000 factories violating China’s green laws and the pollution maps derived from the citizen-built database helped underline the broader environmental problems in specific regions.
Smarter and Inclusive Cities characteristics. Arup, TalTech, Climate-KIC, UNDP (2024) “Smarter & Inclusive Cities” Course Materials, 2024 Urban Learning Center SmarterandInclusiveCitiesCourse
Interconnected framework of citizen engagement in smart cities. Bvuma, S. (2024). Understanding Citizen Engagement in the Era of Smart Cities. IntechOpen. doi: 10.5772/intechopen.1005673
Types of collaborative approaches related to citizen participation in decision-making processes. Bastos, D., Fernández-Caballero, A., Pereira, A., & Rocha, N. P. (2022). Smart City Applications to Promote Citizen Participation in city Management and Governance: A Systematic review. Informatics, 9(4), 89. Smart City Applications to Promote Citizen Participation in City Management and Governance: A Systematic Review
Example of digital divide. Arup, TalTech, Climate-KIC, UNDP (2024) “Smarter & Inclusive Cities” Course Materials, 2024 Urban Learning Center. SmarterandInclusiveCitiesCourse
KEY TERMS - GLOSSARY
Digital equity = ensuring access to technology for all. Digital equity is defined as equal access and opportunity to digital tools, resources, and services to increase digital knowledge, awareness, and skills. When considering the role of technology in development of the 21st century learner, digital equity is more than a comparable delivery of goods and services, but fair distribution based on people’ needs.
Digital literacy = ability to effectively find, evaluate, use, share, and create content using digital technologies and platforms. It has been defined as an umbrella framework for a number of complex and integrated sub-disciplines – or “literacies” – comprised of skill, knowledge, ethics and creative outputs in the digital network environment. Some sub-disciplines of Digital Literacy are: Information, Computer, Media, Communication, Visual and Technology Literacy.
Digital divide = unequal patterns of material access to, usage capabilities of, and benefits from computer-based information and communication technologies that are caused by certain stratification processes that produce classes of winner and losers of the information society and of participation in institutions. The digital divide can be seen as the disparity in information technology due to various factors such as race, ethnicity, gender, and income.
Co-creation = process where multiple stakeholders (e.g. institutions, citizens, policy makers, NGOs) collaboratively contribute to the creation of ideas, plans, services, or solutions. It emphasizes active participation, shared decision-making, and mutual influence to achieve innovative and mutually beneficial outcomes.In co-creation, each party brings unique knowledge, resources, or skills to the table, ensuring that the final result reflects diverse perspectives and meets shared goals effectively.
Assistive technology = the applications of science, engineering, and other disciplines that result in processes, methods, or inventions that support people with disabilities. It typically concentrates on the special needs of people of all ages who may exhibit a variety of disabilities, limitations, and/ or challenges that limit their participation in daily life so that special assistance in sensory, motor, cognitive, and/or linguistic domains becomes necessary.
ACTIVITY : THE SMART CITY CHALLENGE -- A ROLE-PLAYING SIMULATION
Description and objective:
Participants will role-play different stakeholders in a smart city and collaboratively solve urban challenges through inclusivity, co-creation, and technology. This activity fosters empathy, creativity, and problem-solving skills while addressing real-world issues.
Instructions for the Exercise:
Step 1: Form Teams and Assign Roles
Divide participants into four teams. Each team will represent a specific group of stakeholders in the city, such as:
- City Government Officials: Responsible for policy and budget allocation.
- Citizens: Represent diverse groups, including marginalized communities, young professionals, and the elderly.
- Tech Innovators: Develop technological solutions for city challenges.
- Community Organizations: Advocate for social inclusion and equity.
Each team will receive a brief describing their priorities, challenges, and resources.
- City Government Officials
- Priorities:
- Implement policies that promote sustainability and improve quality of life.
- Ensure efficient use of budget and resources.
- Address citizens’ concerns while balancing public services and infrastructure development.
- Challenges:
- Limited budget and competing interests from different groups.
- Political pressures and public scrutiny.
- Ensuring long-term impact while managing short-term needs.
- Resources:
- Authority to allocate budgets for infrastructure and services.
- Access to data about city needs and public services.
- Relationships with other stakeholders (e.g., tech innovators, community organizations).
- Citizens
- Priorities:
- Ensure that city services meet the needs of all residents, particularly marginalized groups.
- Advocate for safer public spaces, better transportation, and accessible technologies.
- Improve the overall quality of life in the city through participatory governance.
- Challenges:
- Lack of direct influence over decision-making.
- Inadequate representation of diverse voices, especially from vulnerable groups.
- Limited access to information and digital tools.
- Resources:
- The power of collective action through public protests or petitions.
- Participation in digital platforms for feedback and decision-making.
- Local knowledge of community needs and challenges.
- Tech Innovators
- Priorities:
- Design and deploy innovative technologies that address urban challenges.
- Ensure solutions are ethical, sustainable, and improve inclusivity.
- Build platforms for public engagement, such as digital tools for citizen feedback.
- Challenges:
- Balancing innovation with privacy concerns and data security.
- Aligning technology with the diverse needs of citizens.
- Ensuring scalability and long-term sustainability of tech solutions.
- Resources:
- Expertise in cutting-edge technologies (AI, IoT, data analytics).
- Collaboration with government and community organizations for real-world application.
- Access to funding and investment for research and development.
- Community Organizations
- Priorities:
- Promote social inclusion, equity, and fair access to city resources.
- Advocate for the rights of vulnerable groups, such as the elderly, minorities, and people with disabilities.
- Ensure that urban planning reflects the needs of all citizens, especially underrepresented communities.
- Challenges:
- Limited influence over city policies and budgets.
- Overcoming barriers such as social inequality and discrimination.
- Engaging with citizens who may feel disconnected or mistrustful of institutions.
- Resources:
- Strong grassroots networks and connections within local communities.
- Expertise in social justice, inclusion, and human rights.
- Platforms for organizing and mobilizing citizens for advocacy.
Step 2: Identify a City Problem
Facilitators will present a real-world scenario. Some scenarios that can be provided are:
- Traffic Congestion and Lack of Public Transportation: The city faces severe traffic jams, especially during rush hours, due to a lack of reliable and efficient public transportation. This results in increased pollution, long commute times, and stress for residents, particularly in congested urban areas. The lack of accessible options disproportionately impacts lower-income communities.
- Digital Divide in Disadvantaged Neighborhoods: Many residents in underserved neighborhoods lack access to the internet, digital devices, and essential digital skills. This creates barriers to participation in education, work, and accessing city services. The gap between digital haves and have-nots exacerbates social inequalities.
- Limited Accessibility for Differently-Abled Individuals: The city is not fully accessible to people with disabilities. Public spaces, transportation, and buildings do not meet the needs of those with mobility challenges, vision, hearing, or other impairments. This limits their ability to participate fully in community life and the workforce.
- Poor Air Quality and Environmental Degradation: Pollution is a major issue, with high levels of smog, carbon emissions, and waste contributing to deteriorating air quality and health risks. Industrial activity and increased vehicle use have led to environmental degradation, affecting public health and quality of life, especially in dense urban areas.
Step 3: Collaborate to Develop Solutions
Teams will first have an internal discussion to try to find some solutions, and they they will collaborate to propose solutions all together using the following steps:
- Brainstorming: Each stakeholder group presents ideas based on their role.
- Negotiation: Stakeholders negotiate to align priorities and allocate resources.
- Co-Creation: Teams co-design a solution, integrating inclusivity, assistive technologies, and citizen participation tools (e.g., participatory budgeting, e-petitions).
Step 4: Pitch the Solution
Each team presents their solution to the larger group or a panel of facilitators. Their presentation should include:
- The proposed solution and its features.
- How inclusivity and civic engagement were addressed.
- Expected outcomes and benefits for the community.
How to integrate AI:
- AI Role-Assistant: Use AI chatbots to simulate non-player characters (e.g., citizens raising concerns, government officials requesting data). This adds dynamic, real-time challenges to the role-play.
- Voting System: Use an online polling platform for participants to vote on the best solution, simulating a participatory governance process.
Feedback AI: An AI tool evaluates solutions on inclusivity, feasibility, and alignment with sustainable goals.
QUIZES
Quiz 1
Quiz 2
Quiz 3
LINKS TO EXTERNAL ADDITIONAL RESOURCES
Manifesto on Citizen Engagement and Inclusive Smart Cities
Sustainable Development Goals
UN-Habitat’s People-Centered Smart Cities flagship programme
https://unhabitat.org/programme/people-centred-smart-cities
Participatory budgeting website
https://www.participatorybudgeting.org/
Online polling platform
https://www.mentimeter.com/features/live-polling
AI-driven platform for sustainable urban planning and development
Advanced software for 3D urban planning
https://www.esri.com/it-it/arcgis/products/arcgis-cityengine/overview
“Smart Cities in Europe with Alberto Bortolotti”
Unites Citizens of Europe Podcast
https://open.spotify.com/episode/2zfQwlOeohUXO1dZ2m0lbf?si=89eb3525c0c84c3d
BIBLIOGRAPHY
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Bvuma, S. (2024). Understanding Citizen Engagement in the Era of Smart Cities. IntechOpen. doi: 10.5772/intechopen.1005673
Dandamudi, V. (2015). Technology and its Advancements Helping the Differently Abled People. International Journal of Science and Research(IJSR), 34-37.
TalTech, Climate-KIC, UNDP. (2024). “Smarter & Inclusive Cities” Course Materials, 2024 Urban Learning Center.
OECD Centre for Entrepreneurship, SMEs, Regions and Cities. (2018). OECD Principles on Urban Policy. Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development.
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https://eric.ed.gov/?id=ED497214
Covello, S. (2010). A review of digital literacy assessment instruments. Syracuse University, School of Education: Analysis for Human Performance Technology Decisions.
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Bastos, D., Fernández-Caballero, A., Pereira, A., & Rocha, N. P. (2022). Smart City Applications to Promote Citizen Participation in city Management and Governance: A Systematic review. Informatics, 9(4), 89.